Efficacy and safety of Obex® in overweight and obese subjects: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Obex® may be helpful in reducing body weight and fat. The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Obex® in the treatment of overweight and obese subjects. METHODS: A double-blind, randomised, controlled phase III clinical trial was conducted involving 160 overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 25.0 and < 40 kg/m2) aged 20 to 60 years, who received Obex® (n = 80) and placebo (n = 80) plus non-pharmacological treatment (physical activity and nutritional counseling). One sachet of Obex® or placebo were administered before the two main meals each day for 6 months. In addition to anthropometric measurements and blood pressure, fasting plasma and 2 h glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, insulin, liver enzymes, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) were determined, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) beta-cell function (HOMA-ß) were assessed and insulin sensitivity (IS) was calculated with three indirect indexes. RESULTS: After 3 months of Obex®, 48.3% of the participants (28/58) achieved complete success in reducing both weight and waist circumference by greater than or equal to 5% from baseline, as opposed to 26.0% (13/50) of individuals receiving placebo (p = 0.022). Compared to baseline, at 6 months no differences were found between the groups concerning anthropometric and biochemical measurements, except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, which were higher in subjects receiving Obex® compared to those receiving placebo (p = 0.030). After 6 months of treatment, both groups showed reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p < 0.012) compared to baseline value. However, only those intake Obex® showed reduced insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR, improved IS (p < 0.05), and decreased creatinine and UA levels (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of Obex® together with lifestyle changes increased HDL-c, contributed to a rapid reduction of weight and waist circumference, as well as improved insulin homeostasis, which did not occur in the placebo group, and appears to be safe as an adjunct at conventional obesity treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial protocol was registered in the Cuban public registry of clinical trials under code RPCEC00000267 on 17/04/2018 and also registered in the international registry of clinical trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, under code: NCT03541005 on 30/05/2018.

An Exploratory Study of Itolizumab on the Preservation of Beta Cell Function in Adults with Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.

We conducted a phase I-IIa, randomized, monocentric, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and impact of the combination treatment of Itolizumab and insulin on preserving beta cell function in adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Twelve patients were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, each receiving a different Itolizumab dose (0.4/0.8/1.6 mg/kg body weight, respectively) and a placebo group. All patients received concomitant intensive multiple-dose insulin therapy. Endogenous insulin secretion was assessed by the measurement of C-peptide during the mixed-meal tolerance test. No serious adverse events were reported. No changes in the total daily insulin doses, glycated hemoglobin levels, and stimulated C-peptide were observed between the Itolizumab and placebo groups at 52 weeks. A significant decrease in stimulated C-peptide was observed during the follow-up period (p = 0.012). One subject treated with 1.6 mg of Itolizumab showed a marked increase in the levels of stimulated C-peptide three years after completion of the trial. Taken together, this is the first study to demonstrate that combination treatment with Itolizumab and insulin is safe in humans and does not affect the residual function of beta cells up to 52 weeks. The findings from our study show preliminary evidence that high doses of Itolizumab could potentially arrest the loss of beta cell function in the long term. Further studies with a longer follow-up and larger numbers of patients are envisaged to assess the effect with high dose Itolizumab.

Factores clínicos y ambientales asociados a la tiroiditis de Hashimoto / Clinical and environmental factors associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Introducción: La tiroiditis de Hashimoto es una enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune poligénica y multifactorial resultante de una interacción compleja de factores genéticos y ambientales. Objetivo: Determinar la posible asociación de los factores clínicos y ambientales con los niveles de anticuerpos antitiroideos y las pruebas de función tiroidea en la tiroiditis de Hashimoto. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal con 120 personas con diagnóstico de tiroiditis de Hashimoto. Variables estudiadas: edad, sexo, color de la piel, estado nutricional, paridad, hábito de fumar, consumo de alcohol, preparados estrogénicos, antecedentes familiares de enfermedad autoinmune tiroidea y personales de otras enfermedades autoinmunes. Se realizaron determinaciones de anticuerpos AbTPO, TSH, T3 y T4. Resultados: Predominio del sexo femenino (92,5 por ciento), de pacientes de piel blanca (50,8 por ciento) y con sobrepeso corporal (40 por ciento). El 73 por ciento no consumían preparados estrogénicos. El 20 por ciento tenían antecedentes familiares de enfermedad tiroidea y personales de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (7,5 por ciento). La media del anticuerpo en pacientes con antecedentes de infecciones virales fue superior a los que no tuvieron este antecedente (732,6 vs. 624,6). El resto de las variables no mostraron diferencias entre las medias del anticuerpo. Ninguno de los factores estudiados mostró asociación con el estado de la función tiroidea. (p>0,05). Conclusiones: No existió asociación entre los factores clínicos y ambientales en relación a los niveles de Ac TPO y el estado de la función tiroidea, con predominio del hipotiroidismo manifiesto al diagnóstico de la TH(AU)

Introduction: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a polygenic and multifactorial autoimmune thyroid disease, resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Objective: To determine the possible association of clinical and environmental factors with antithyroid antibody levels and thyroid function tests in HT. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out with 120 subjects diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We studied variables such as age, sex, skin color, nutritional status, parity, smoking, alcohol consumption, estrogen preparations, family history of autoimmune thyroid disease and personal history of other autoimmune diseases. Additionally, AbTPO, TSH, T3 and T4 antibody determinations were made. Results: Predominance of the female sex (92.5 percent), white skin (50.8 percent) and body overweight (40 percent). 73 percent did not consume estrogenic preparations. Twenty percent had family history of thyroid disease and personal history of type 1 diabetes mellitus (7.5 percent). The mean antibody in patients with history of viral infections was higher than those without this history (732.6 vs. 624.6). The rest of the variables did not show differences between the means of the antibody. None of the factors studied showed association with the state of thyroid function. (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There was no association between clinical and environmental factors in relation to Ac TPO levels and the state of thyroid function, with a predominance of overt hypothyroidism at diagnosis of HT(AU)

Utilidad del fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal para identificar personas con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado y alto / Use of the hypertension- abdominal obesity phenotype to identify people with moderate and high overall cardiovascular risk

Introducción: La obesidad está relacionada con un riesgo elevado de enfermedades no transmisibles. Una tendencia creciente en la prevalencia de la obesidad desde principios de la década de 1980 ha planteado una importante carga de salud de la población en todo el mundo. Objetivos: Determinar la utilidad del fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal para identificar personas con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado o alto en adultos con exceso de peso corporal y si esta es superior a la de otros binomios fenotípicos descritos y al síndrome metabólico. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal que incluyó 257 personas de 35 a 70 años. Variables estudiadas: edad, sexo, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, presión arterial, colesterol, triglicéridos, colesterol-HDL y glucemia en ayunas. Se determinó la presencia del síndrome metabólico según los criterios de la declaración provisional conjunta [Joint Interim Statement (JIS), siglas en inglés], además se estudiaron los fenotipos hipertensión-obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal e hiperglucemia-obesidad abdominal. El riesgo cardiovascular global fue evaluado mediante las tablas de Gaziano. Resultados: El 81,7 por ciento (210/257) de los sujetos presentó el fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal y la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular moderado-alto fue de 28,0 por ciento (72/257). El fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal detectó la mayor proporción de sujetos con riesgo cardiovascular moderado-alto (64 de los 72); el riesgo cardiovascular moderado-alto estaba presente en la mayoría con este fenotipo (88,8 por ciento), diferente de aquellos sin el fenotipo (11,1 por ciento). La sensibilidad (88,9 por ciento) y el valor predictivo negativo (83,0 por ciento) muestran que el fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal es un binomio útil para detectar individuos con riesgo cardiovascular moderado-alto. Conclusiones: La utilidad del fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal es superior a la de otros binomios fenotípicos y al síndrome metabólico para identificar personas con riesgo cardiovascular moderado-alto. La elevada sensibilidad y el alto valor predictivo negativo del fenotipo hipertensión-obesidad abdominal, así como la simplicidad de su determinación, lo convierten en una buena opción para pesquisar sujetos con este riesgo(AU)

Introduction: Obesity is linked to a high risk of non-communicable diseases. A growing trend in the prevalence of obesity since the early 1980s has posed a significant population´s health burden worldwide. Objectives: Determine the usefulness of the hypertension- abdominal obesity´s phenotype to identify cases with moderate or high overall cardiovascular risk in adults with excess body weight and whether it is superior to that of other phenotypic binomials described and to the metabolic syndrome. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study that included 257 people from 35 to 70 years old. Variables studied: age, sex, weight, size, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and fasting blood glucose. The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined according to the criteria of the Joint Interim Statement (JIS), and hypertension- abdominal obesity phenotypes, abdominal hypertriglyceridemia-obesity and hyperglycemia- abdominal obesity were also studied. The overall cardiovascular risk was assessed using Gaziano's tables. Results: 81.7 percent (210/257) of subjects had the hypertension-abdominal obesity´s phenotype and the frequency of moderate-high cardiovascular risk was 28.0 percent (72/257).The hypertension- abdominal obesity´s phenotype detected the highest proportion of subjects at moderate-high cardiovascular risk (64 of the 72); moderate-high cardiovascular risk was present in most of the subjects with this phenotype (88.8 percent), different from those without the phenotype (11.1 percent).Sensitivity (88.9 percent) and the negative predictive value (83.0 percent) show that the hypertension- abdominal obesity´s phenotype is a useful binomial for detecting individuals with moderate-high cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The usefulness of the hypertension- abdominal obesity phenotype is superior to that of other phenotypic binomials and to the metabolic syndrome in order to identify people with moderate-high cardiovascular risk. The high sensitivity and high negative predictive value of the hypertension- abdominal obesity phenotype, as well as the simplicity of its determination, make it a good option for researching subjects with this risk(AU)

Utilidad de la prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta con Nutrial I para la evaluación de la función de las células beta en diabetes tipo 1 / Usefulness of the tolerance test of mixed food with Nutrial I for the assessment of beta cells function in diabetes type 1

RESUMEN Introducción: La prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta es considerada la prueba de oro para la medición de la producción de insulina endógena en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta con Nutrial I para evaluar la función de las células ß en diabéticos tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente y la relación de esa función con algunas características clínicas y bioquímicas. Métodos: Se estudiaron variables bioquímicas como la glucemia, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), péptido C y fracciones lipídicas. La prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta con Nutrial I se aplicó a 18 sujetos con diabetes tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente y a 8 voluntarios con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 35 años. El consumo del suplemento Nutrial I se calculó según el peso del paciente. Se obtuvieron muestras para glucemia y péptido C a los -10, 0, 30, 60, 90 y 120 minutos. Resultados: Se observaron concentraciones elevadas de glucemia y disminuidas de péptido C durante la prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta en los diabéticos tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente, en comparación con los voluntarios, así como, diferencias en las áreas bajo la curva de péptido C (AUC-pc) (p= 0,001). En los diabéticos tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente se evidenció una correlación negativa entre el AUC-pc con los niveles de glucemia en ayunas (r= -0,747; p ( 0,0001) y la HbA1c (r= -0,535; p= 0,022). Por el contrario, se encontró una correlación positiva entre el AUC-pc y el péptido C en ayunas (r= 0,722; p= 0,001). El AUC-pc después de la prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta es mayor en los sujetos con glucemia en ayunas si GA < 7 mmol/L con respecto a los sujetos con glucemia en ayunas ( 7 mmol/L (p= 0,012). Conclusiones: El empleo del Nutrial I en la prueba de tolerancia de comida mixta fue útil en la evaluación de la función de las células β en diabéticos tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente. Los valores bajos de glucemia en ayunas durante esta prueba son marcadores indirectos de una función residual de células ( más conservada en los diabéticos tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The tolerance test of mixed food is considered the gold standard for the measurement of endogenous insulin production in patients with diabetes type 1. Objective: To determine the usefulness of the tolerance test of mixed food with Nutrial I to assess the ß-cells function in patients with diabetes type 1 of recent diagnosis and the relation of this function with some clinical and biochemical characteristics. Methods: There were studied biochemical variables as the blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide and lipid fractions. The tolerance test of mixed food with Nutrial I was applied to 18 individuals with diabetes type 1 of recent diagnosis and in 8 volunteers aged between 19 and 35 years old. The consumption of Nutrial I supplement was calculated according to the weight of the patient. Samples were obtained for blood glucose and C-peptide at -10, 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Results: There were observed high concentrations of glycemia and decreased amounts of C-peptide during the tolerance test of mixed food in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetics in comparison with the volunteers, as well as differences in areas under the curve of C-peptide (AUC-pc) (p= 0.001). In the recently diagnosed type 1 diabetics was evident a negative correlation between the AUC-pc with fasting plasma glucose levels (r= -0,747; p(0.0001) and HbA1c (r= -0,535; p= 0.022). On the contrary, it was found a positive correlation between the AUC-pc and fasting C-peptide (r = 0.722; p = 0.001). The AUC-pc after the tolerance test of mixed food was greater in subjects with fasting blood glucose < 7 mmol/L with respect to the subjects with fasting blood glucose ( 7 mmol/L (p= 0.012). Conclusions: The use of Nutrial I in the tolerance test of mixed food was useful in the assessment of the role of the β-cells in patients with recently diagnosed diabetes type 1. Low values of fasting blood glucose during this test are indirect markers of a residual function of (cells more preserved in type 1 diabetics of recent diagnosis(AU)

Relación del riesgo cardiovascular global con el ácido úrico y algunos componentes del síndrome metabólico / Relation of overall cardiovascular risk with uric acid and some components of the metabolic syndrome

Antecedentes: en los últimos años se ha debatido en cuanto al papel de ácido úrico como marcador independiente del riesgo cardiovascular y como posible componente del síndrome metabólico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: demostrar la asociación entre las concentraciones de ácido úrico con el riesgo cardiovascular global, y su nexo con algunos componentes del síndrome metabólico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal basado en 350 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 70 años que fueron reclutados consecutivamente de una consulta para personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes patológicos personales, mediciones antropométricas y tensión arterial, así como las concentraciones de glucosa, insulina, lípidos, creatinina y ácido úrico. El riesgo cardiovascular global fue evaluado mediante las tablas de Gaziano, que no emplea análisis de laboratorio. Resultados: la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto fue de 20,6 por ciento (72/350). Los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto presentaron edades superiores, incremento en el índice de conicidad y de la tensión arterial sistólica, así como concentraciones elevadas de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, creatinina y ácido úrico, que los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular global bajo. La frecuencia de personas con concentraciones de ácido úrico superior o igual al percentil 50 (296,5 mujeres y 365,0 hombres) fue superior en los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto (62,5 por ciento [45/72]) que en aquellos con riesgo cardiovascular global bajo (47,12 por ciento [131/278], p= 0,014). De los sujetos con hiperuricemia, el 31,5 por ciento (23/73) presentó riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto, en cambio, en los individuos sin hiperuricemia, la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto fue baja (17,7 por ciento [49/277], p= 0,014). Conclusiones: el incremento de las concentraciones de ácido úrico se relacionó con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular global. Los sujetos con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto mostraron niveles elevados de la mayoría de los componentes del síndrome metabólico, así como de colesterol y ácido úrico. Este último podría utilizarse como un factor de riesgo potencial de enfermedad cardiovascular a nivel de la atención primaria de salud(AU)

Background: in recent years there has been a debate about the role of uric acid as an independent marker of cardiovascular risk and as a possible component of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese people. Objective: to demonstrate the association between uric acid concentrations and overall cardiovascular risk, and its connection with some components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese people. Methods: a transversal descriptive, observational study was carried out based on 350 subjects aged from 19 to 70 years who were consecutively recruited from a consultation for overweight and obese people. Sociodemographic variables, personal pathological history, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were studied, as well as glucose, insulin, lipids, creatinine and uric acid concentrations. The overall cardiovascular risk was assessed using Gaziano tables, which do not use laboratory analysis. Results: the frequency of moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk was 20.6 percent (72/350). Individuals with moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk were older, had increased conicity and systolic blood pressure, as well as higher glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid levels than individuals with low overall cardiovascular risk. The frequency of people with uric acid concentrations greater than or equal to the 50th percentile (296.5 women and 365.0 men) was higher in individuals with moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk (62.5 percent [45/72]) than in those with low global cardiovascular risk (47.12 percent [131/278], p= 0.014). Of the subjects with hyperuricemia, 31.5 percent (23/73) presented moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk, whereas, in individuals without hyperuricemia, the frequency of moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk was low (17.7 percent [ 49/277], p= 0.014). Conclusions: the increase in uric acid concentrations was associated with an increased overall cardiovascular risk. Subjects with moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk showed elevated levels of most components of the metabolic syndrome, as well as cholesterol and uric acid. The latter could be used as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease at the primary health care level(AU)

Relación del riesgo cardiovascular global con el ácido úrico y algunos componentes del síndrome metabólico / Relation of overall cardiovascular risk with uric acid and some components of the metabolic syndrome

Antecedentes: en los últimos años se ha debatido en cuanto al papel de ácido úrico como marcador independiente del riesgo cardiovascular y como posible componente del síndrome metabólico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: demostrar la asociación entre las concentraciones de ácido úrico con el riesgo cardiovascular global, y su nexo con algunos componentes del síndrome metabólico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal basado en 350 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 70 años que fueron reclutados consecutivamente de una consulta para personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes patológicos personales, mediciones antropométricas y tensión arterial, así como las concentraciones de glucosa, insulina, lípidos, creatinina y ácido úrico. El riesgo cardiovascular global fue evaluado mediante las tablas de Gaziano, que no emplea análisis de laboratorio. Resultados: la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto fue de 20,6 por ciento (72/350). Los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto presentaron edades superiores, incremento en el índice de conicidad y de la tensión arterial sistólica, así como concentraciones elevadas de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, creatinina y ácido úrico, que los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular global bajo. La frecuencia de personas con concentraciones de ácido úrico superior o igual al percentil 50 (296,5 mujeres y 365,0 hombres) fue superior en los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto (62,5 por ciento [45/72]) que en aquellos con riesgo cardiovascular global bajo (47,12 por ciento [131/278], p= 0,014). De los sujetos con hiperuricemia, el 31,5 por ciento (23/73) presentó riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto, en cambio, en los individuos sin hiperuricemia, la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto fue baja (17,7 por ciento [49/277], p= 0,014). Conclusiones: el incremento de las concentraciones de ácido úrico se relacionó con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular global. Los sujetos con riesgo cardiovascular global moderado/alto mostraron niveles elevados de la mayoría de los componentes del síndrome metabólico, así como de colesterol y ácido úrico. Este último podría utilizarse como un factor de riesgo potencial de enfermedad cardiovascular a nivel de la atención primaria de salud(AU)

Background: in recent years there has been a debate about the role of uric acid as an independent marker of cardiovascular risk and as a possible component of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese people. Objective: to demonstrate the association between uric acid concentrations and overall cardiovascular risk, and its connection with some components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese people. Methods: a transversal descriptive, observational study was carried out based on 350 subjects aged from 19 to 70 years who were consecutively recruited from a consultation for overweight and obese people. Sociodemographic variables, personal pathological history, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were studied, as well as glucose, insulin, lipids, creatinine and uric acid concentrations. The overall cardiovascular risk was assessed using Gaziano tables, which do not use laboratory analysis. Results: the frequency of moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk was 20.6 percent (72/350). Individuals with moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk were older, had increased conicity and systolic blood pressure, as well as higher glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid levels than individuals with low overall cardiovascular risk. The frequency of people with uric acid concentrations greater than or equal to the 50th percentile (296.5 women and 365.0 men) was higher in individuals with moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk (62.5 percent [45/72]) than in those with low global cardiovascular risk (47.12 percent [131/278], p= 0.014). Of the subjects with hyperuricemia, 31.5 percent (23/73) presented moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk, whereas, in individuals without hyperuricemia, the frequency of moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk was low (17.7 percent [ 49/277], p= 0.014). Conclusions: the increase in uric acid concentrations was associated with an increased overall cardiovascular risk. Subjects with moderate/high overall cardiovascular risk showed elevated levels of most components of the metabolic syndrome, as well as cholesterol and uric acid. The latter could be used as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease at the primary health care level(AU)

Evaluación de tres metodologías para la predicción del riesgo de alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad / Evaluation of three methodologies for risk prediction of impaired glucose metabolism in overweighed and obese subjects

Introducción: en la actualidad, en Cuba no existe una estrategia establecida para la pesquisa de las alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad diagnóstica de tres metodologías para predecir el riesgo de alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de evaluación diagnóstica longitudinal, con los datos de 90 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 70 años, analizados 2,5 años después de la evaluación inicial. Se obtuvo la edad, el sexo, los antecedentes patológicos personales, los medicamentos empleados, el peso, la talla, el perímetro de cintura y la tensión arterial, así como las concentraciones de glucosa al inicio y a los 2,5 años ulteriores, la insulina y los triglicéridos, además de calcular la resistencia a la insulina en la evaluación inicial. Se utilizó un modelo de puntaje-riesgo para la diabetes tipo 2. Resultados: la frecuencia de alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa (glucemia alterada en ayuna y diabetes tipo 2) a los 2,5 años ulteriores, de acuerdo con la presencia previa o no en los sujetos de glucemia alterada en ayunas, resistencia a la insulina y riesgo moderado/alto de diabetes tipo 2, fue superior en los sujetos con glucemia alterada en ayuna previa (72,4 por ciento [21/29]), con resistencia a la insulina al inicio (65,6 por ciento [40/61]) y con riesgo moderado/alto (54,4 por ciento [43/79]), en relación con aquellos sin glucemia alterada en ayuna, sin resistencia a la insulina y con riesgo bajo de diabetes (41,0 por ciento [25/61], p= 0,005; 20,7 por ciento [6/29], p= 0,006 y 27,3 por ciento [3/11], p< 0,0001 respectivamente). La resistencia a la insulina y el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado/alto mostraron una elevada sensibilidad para identificar sujetos con alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa (87,0 y 93,5 por ciento respectivamente), por el contrario de la glucemia alterada en ayunas, que mostró una baja sensibilidad (45,7 por ciento). De los 19 sujetos que desarrollaron diabetes tipo 2 a los 2,5 años, el 100 por ciento presentó riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado/alto y 94,7 por ciento resistencia a la insulina al inicio. Conclusiones: la resistencia a la insulina y el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 podrían ser de gran utilidad en la identificación de individuos con alto riesgo para padecer diabetes(AU)

Introduction: at present, there is no set strategy in Cuba for the screening of impaired glucose metabolism. Objective: to evaluate the diagnostic capacity of three methodologies to predict the risk of impaired glucose metabolism in overweighed and obese individuals. Methods: a longitudinal diagnostic evaluation study was carried out using data from 90 subjects aged 25 to 70 years, which were analyzed two and a half years after the initial assessment. Information about age, sex, personal pathological history, used medication, weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure as well the glucose concentrations at the beginning and two and a half years later, insulin and triglyceride indexes was collected in addition to estimating the insulin-resistance index in the initial evaluation. A risk-score model for type 2 diabetes was also used. Results: the frequency of impaired glucose metabolism (impaired fasting glycemia and type 2 diabetes) after two and a half years, according to the previous existence or not of impaired fasting glycemia, insulin resistance and moderate/high risk of type 2 diabetes, was higher in subjects with previous impaired fasting glycemia (72,4 percent [21/29]), with insulin resistance at the beginning (65.6 percent [40/61]) and with moderate/high risk (54,4 percent [43/79]) than in those individuals without impaired fasting glycemia, insulin resistance and with low diabetes risk (41.0 percent [25/61], p= 0,005; 20.7 percent [6/29], p= 0.006 and 27.3 percent [3/11], p< 0.0001, respectively). Insulin resistance index and moderate/high risk of type 2 diabetes showed high sensitivity to identify subjects with impaired glucose metabolism (87.0 and 93.5 percent, respectively), in contrast to impaired fasting glucose whose sensitivity was low (45.7 percent). Of 19 individuals who developed type 2 diabetes two and a half years later, 100 percent had moderate/high risk of type 2 diabetes and 94.7 percent had insulin resistance at the beginning. Conclusions: insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes could be very useful in detecting individuals with high risk of developing diabetes(AU)

Evaluación de tres metodologías para la predicción del riesgo de alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad / Evaluation of three methodologies for risk prediction of impaired glucose metabolism in overweighed and obese subjects

Introducción: en la actualidad, en Cuba no existe una estrategia establecida para la pesquisa de las alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad diagnóstica de tres metodologías para predecir el riesgo de alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de evaluación diagnóstica longitudinal, con los datos de 90 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 70 años, analizados 2,5 años después de la evaluación inicial. Se obtuvo la edad, el sexo, los antecedentes patológicos personales, los medicamentos empleados, el peso, la talla, el perímetro de cintura y la tensión arterial, así como las concentraciones de glucosa al inicio y a los 2,5 años ulteriores, la insulina y los triglicéridos, además de calcular la resistencia a la insulina en la evaluación inicial. Se utilizó un modelo de puntaje-riesgo para la diabetes tipo 2. Resultados: la frecuencia de alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa (glucemia alterada en ayuna y diabetes tipo 2) a los 2,5 años ulteriores, de acuerdo con la presencia previa o no en los sujetos de glucemia alterada en ayunas, resistencia a la insulina y riesgo moderado/alto de diabetes tipo 2, fue superior en los sujetos con glucemia alterada en ayuna previa (72,4 por ciento [21/29]), con resistencia a la insulina al inicio (65,6 por ciento [40/61]) y con riesgo moderado/alto (54,4 por ciento [43/79]), en relación con aquellos sin glucemia alterada en ayuna, sin resistencia a la insulina y con riesgo bajo de diabetes (41,0 por ciento [25/61], p= 0,005; 20,7 por ciento [6/29], p= 0,006 y 27,3 por ciento [3/11], p< 0,0001 respectivamente). La resistencia a la insulina y el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado/alto mostraron una elevada sensibilidad para identificar sujetos con alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa (87,0 y 93,5 por ciento respectivamente), por el contrario de la glucemia alterada en ayunas, que mostró una baja sensibilidad (45,7 por ciento). De los 19 sujetos que desarrollaron diabetes tipo 2 a los 2,5 años, el 100 por ciento presentó riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado/alto y 94,7 por ciento resistencia a la insulina al inicio. Conclusiones: la resistencia a la insulina y el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 podrían ser de gran utilidad en la identificación de individuos con alto riesgo para padecer diabetes(AU)

Introduction: at present, there is no set strategy in Cuba for the screening of impaired glucose metabolism. Objective: to evaluate the diagnostic capacity of three methodologies to predict the risk of impaired glucose metabolism in overweighed and obese individuals. Methods: a longitudinal diagnostic evaluation study was carried out using data from 90 subjects aged 25 to 70 years, which were analyzed two and a half years after the initial assessment. Information about age, sex, personal pathological history, used medication, weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure as well the glucose concentrations at the beginning and two and a half years later, insulin and triglyceride indexes was collected in addition to estimating the insulin-resistance index in the initial evaluation. A risk-score model for type 2 diabetes was also used. Results: the frequency of impaired glucose metabolism (impaired fasting glycemia and type 2 diabetes) after two and a half years, according to the previous existence or not of impaired fasting glycemia, insulin resistance and moderate/high risk of type 2 diabetes, was higher in subjects with previous impaired fasting glycemia (72,4 percent [21/29]), with insulin resistance at the beginning (65.6 percent [40/61]) and with moderate/high risk (54,4 percent [43/79]) than in those individuals without impaired fasting glycemia, insulin resistance and with low diabetes risk (41.0 percent [25/61], p= 0,005; 20.7 percent [6/29], p= 0.006 and 27.3 percent [3/11], p< 0.0001, respectively). Insulin resistance index and moderate/high risk of type 2 diabetes showed high sensitivity to identify subjects with impaired glucose metabolism (87.0 and 93.5 percent, respectively), in contrast to impaired fasting glucose whose sensitivity was low (45.7 percent). Of 19 individuals who developed type 2 diabetes two and a half years later, 100 percent had moderate/high risk of type 2 diabetes and 94.7 percent had insulin resistance at the beginning. Conclusions: insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes could be very useful in detecting individuals with high risk of developing diabetes(AU)

[Diagnostic concordance between seven definitions of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adults]. / Concordancia diagnóstica entre siete definiciones de síndrome metabólico en adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the level of diagnostic concordance between seven definitions of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a group of overweight and obese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 350 subjects aged from 19 to 70 years were recruited for study from a clinic for overweight and obese subjects. The definitions of MS used were those given by the WHO (World Health Organization), EGIR (European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance), NCEP- ATPIII (Adult Treatment Panel), AHA/NHLBI (American Heart Association), IDF (International Diabetes Federation), and JIS (Joint Interim Statement) as well as the Szabo criteria. Concordance between the definitions was calculated with the Kappa coefficient. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using the HOMA-IR index. RESULTS: According to the Szabo, WHO, EGIR, NCEP-ATPIII, AHA/NHLBI, IDF, and JIS criteria, MS frequency was 74.3%, 42.0%, 46.8%, 56.0%, 52.9%, 58.6%, and 58.6%, respectively. The concordance between the Szabo and AHA/NHLBI criteria was 0.559, while the Kappa coefficient between the Szabo criteria and the rest of the guides (NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, and JIS) was from 0.612 to 0.657, respectively. The concordance of the WHO with the EGIR was 0.602, but it was between 0.358 and 0.422 with the other guidelines. IR was distributed similarly in all guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: There is a considerable concordance between the NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, and JIS guidelines and the Szabo criteria. The Szabo criteria could be an option for the active surveillance of MS in populations.

Effects of Obex in Overweight and Obese Subjects With or Without Impaired Fasting Glucose: A Pilot Study.

Obex is a dietary supplement to help weight loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Obex in overweight/obese participants with or without impaired fasting glucose. This was an open-label pilot study conducted with 40 overweight and obese subjects, 23-60 years old with a body mass index of 25-44 kg/m2 (20 participants with impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and 20 with normal glucose levels). Participants received Obex at a dose of one sachet before the two main meals of each day for 3 months. In addition to anthropometric measures and blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, insulin, creatinine, and uric acid were determined. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-B) were assessed. Three indirect indices were used to calculate insulin sensitivity. Compared to baseline, Obex significantly reduced body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and waist/height ratio in both groups of participants (p <.05). In individuals without IFG, Obex improved HDL-c (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) (p <.0001) and lowered BP (p <.05). After 3 months of Obex, subjects with IFG showed a reduction in fasting glucose concentrations (p <.0001). Compared to baseline, this group also showed improved insulin sensitivity and HDL-c (p <.05). In conclusion, the consumption of Obex contributed to weight reduction, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as HDL-c, and appears to be safe in overweight/obese adults with impaired fasting glucose. Obex may be beneficial for weight loss, indicating that further studies are required.

Concordancia diagnóstica entre siete definiciones de síndrome metabólico en adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad / Diagnostic concordance between seven definitions of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adults

RESUMEN Objetivos El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el grado de concordancia diagnóstica entre siete definiciones de síndrome metabólico (SM) en un grupo de adultos con sobrepeso y obesos. Material y Métodos Se estudiaron 350 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 70 años que fueron reclutados consecutivamente de una consulta para sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad. Se emplearon las definiciones de SM según OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), EGIR (Grupo Europeo para el estudio de la resistencia a la insulina), NCEP-ATPIII (Panel de Tratamiento de Adultos), AHA/NHLBI (Asociación Americana del Corazón), IDF (Federación Internacional de Diabetes), JIS (Declaración provisional conjunta), así como los criterios de Szabo. La concordancia entre las definiciones fue calculada con el coeficiente Kappa. La resistencia a la insulina (RI) fue evaluada mediante el índice HOMA. Resultados Según los criterios de Szabo, OMS, EGIR, NCEP-ATPIII, AHA/NHLBI, IDF y la JIS, la frecuencia de SM fue del 74,3%, 42,0%, 46,8%, 56,0%, 52,9%, 58,6% y 58,6%, respectivamente. La concordancia entre los criterios de Szabo y la AHA/NHLBI fue de 0,559, mientras que el coeficiente kappa entre los criterios de Szabo, y el resto de las guías (NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, JIS) fue de 0,612 a 0,657, respectivamente. La concordancia de la OMS con las demás guías fue entre 0,358 y 0,422, pero con la EGIR la concordancia fue de 0,602. La RI se distribuyó de manera similar en todas las guías. Conclusiones Existe una considerable concordancia entre las guías NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, JIS y el SM según criterios de Szabo. El SM según criterios de Szabo pudiera ser otra alternativa para la pesquisa activa del SM en poblaciones.

ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the level of diagnostic concordance between seven definitions of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a group of overweight and obese adults. Materials and Methods 350 subjects aged from 19 to 70 years were recruited for study from a clinic for overweight and obese subjects. The definitions of MS used were those given by the WHO (World Health Organization), EGIR (European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance), NCEP- ATPIII (Adult Treatment Panel), AHA/NHLBI (American Heart Association), IDF (International Diabetes Federation), and JIS (Joint Interim Statement) as well as the Szabo criteria. Concordance between the definitions was calculated with the Kappa coefficient. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using the HOMA-IR index. Results According to the Szabo, WHO, EGIR, NCEP-ATPIII, AHA/NHLBI, IDF, and JIS criteria, MS frequency was 74.3%, 42.0%, 46.8%, 56.0%, 52.9%, 58.6%, and 58.6%, respectively. The concordance between the Szabo and AHA/NHLBI criteria was 0.559, while the Kappa coefficient between the Szabo criteria and the rest of the guides (NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, and JIS) was from 0.612 to 0.657, respectively. The concordance of the WHO with the EGIR was 0.602, but it was between 0.358 and 0.422 with the other guidelines. IR was distributed similarly in all guidelines. Conclusions There is a considerable concordance between the NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, and JIS guidelines and the Szabo criteria. The Szabo criteria could be an option for the active surveillance of MS in populations.

Mecanismos inmunológicos e infertilidad femenina / Immune mechanisms and female infertility

Introducción: la infertilidad es un problema de salud mundial en aumento. Sus factores causales relacionados con el sexo femenino son mayoritarios. Recientemente se ha planteado una fuerte asociación entre los trastornos de la fertilidad y las alteraciones funcionales del sistema inmune, que contribuyen al origen y mantenimiento de la infertilidad.Objetivo: identificar en la literatura científica actualizada la contribución de los mecanismos inmunológicos en el desarrollo de la infertilidad femenina.Desarrollo: los mismos componentes inmunitarios que garantizan el éxito de la reproducción, pueden generar un entorno inflamatorio perpetuado, ante un estímulo antigénico, que produce lesión tisular. La inflamación desregulada repercute en reacciones autoinmunes contra las estructuras del aparato reproductor, y afectan su funcionalidad. La presencia de autoanticuerpos y citocinas proinflamatorias, como marcadores biológicos de estos fenómenos, ha sido reportada en entidades como la endometriosis y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico.Conclusiones: aunque se ha señalado que el sistema inmune desempeña un importante rol en el desarrollo de la reproducción femenina normal y patológica, el conocimiento obtenido en esta área sigue siendo exiguo. La subestimación de los factores inmunitarios en el escenario clínico muchas veces omite posibles alternativas diagnósticas y terapéuticas, que pudieran contribuir a incrementar la calidad del enfoque asistencial a las mujeres infértiles. La complejidad de los sistemas inmune y endocrino, y el corto alcance de las herramientas diagnósticas disponibles, son factores que contribuyen a esta insuficiencia(AU)

Introduction: infertility is a growing worldwide health problem whose causal factors are mostly associated to the female sex. A close relationship has recently been suggested between fertility disorders and functional alterations of the immune system contributing to and maintaining infertility.Objective: review updated scientific literature about the subject to identify the role of immune mechanisms in the development of female infertility.Development: the very immune components ensuring the success of reproduction may create a perpetuated inflammatory environment in the presence of an antigenic stimulus, resulting in the development of a tissular lesion. Dysregulated inflammation triggers autoimmune reactions against reproductive structures, affecting their operation. The presence of autoantibodies and proinflammatory cytokines as biological markers of these phenomena has been reported for conditions such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.Conclusions: the immune system is known to play an important role in both normal and pathological female reproduction. However, information about the subject continues to be scant. Underestimation of the immune factors present in the clinical environment often blocks the way for diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives which could otherwise improve the quality of the care of infertile women. The complexity of the immune and endocrine systems, as well as the limited reach of the available diagnostic tools, are factors contributing to such insufficiency.

Mecanismos inmunológicos e infertilidad femenina / Immune mechanisms and female infertility

Introducción: La infertilidad es un problema de salud mundial en aumento. Sus factores causales relacionados con el sexo femenino son mayoritarios. Recientemente se ha planteado una fuerte asociación entre los trastornos de la fertilidad y las alteraciones funcionales del sistema inmune, que contribuyen al origen y mantenimiento de la infertilidad.Objetivo: identificar en la literatura científica actualizada la contribución de los mecanismos inmunológicos en el desarrollo de la infertilidad femenina.Desarrollo: los mismos componentes inmunitarios que garantizan el éxito de la reproducción, pueden generar un entorno inflamatorio perpetuado, ante un estímulo antigénico, que produce lesión tisular. La inflamación desregulada repercute en reacciones autoinmunes contra las estructuras del aparato reproductor, y afectan su funcionalidad. La presencia de autoanticuerpos y citocinas proinflamatorias, como marcadores biológicos de estos fenómenos, ha sido reportada en entidades como la endometriosis y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico.Conclusiones: aunque se ha señalado que el sistema inmune desempeña un importante rol en el desarrollo de la reproducción femenina normal y patológica, el conocimiento obtenido en esta área sigue siendo exiguo. La subestimación de los factores inmunitarios en el escenario clínico muchas veces omite posibles alternativas diagnósticas y terapéuticas, que pudieran contribuir a incrementar la calidad del enfoque asistencial a las mujeres infértiles. La complejidad de los sistemas inmune y endocrino, y el corto alcance de las herramientas diagnósticas disponibles, son factores que contribuyen a esta insuficiência(AU)

Introduction: Infertility is a growing worldwide health problem whose causal factors are mostly associated to the female sex. A close relationship has recently been suggested between fertility disorders and functional alterations of the immune system contributing to and maintaining infertility.Objective: review updated scientific literature about the subject to identify the role of immune mechanisms in the development of female infertility.Development: the very immune components ensuring the success of reproduction may create a perpetuated inflammatory environment in the presence of an antigenic stimulus, resulting in the development of a tissular lesion. Dysregulated inflammation triggers autoimmune reactions against reproductive structures, affecting their operation. The presence of autoantibodies and proinflammatory cytokines as biological markers of these phenomena has been reported for conditions such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.Conclusions: the immune system is known to play an important role in both normal and pathological female reproduction. However, information about the subject continues to be scant. Underestimation of the immune factors present in the clinical environment often blocks the way for diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives which could otherwise improve the quality of the care of infertile women. The complexity of the immune and endocrine systems, as well as the limited reach of the available diagnostic tools, are factors contributing to such insufficiency(AU)

Evidence of association between type 1 diabetes and exposure to enterovirus in Cuban children and adolescents.

A possible etiologic role of enteroviruses for type 1 diabetes has been researched for 40 years, but evidence to date is inconclusive. This article summarizes new evidence from Cuban research supporting a role for enteroviruses, both in preclinical stages of autoimmune reactions against pancreatic ß cells and at clinical onset, in a population with low type 1 diabetes incidence. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are also discussed, such as acute cytolytic damage and molecular mimicry. Although direct causal effects of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes are difficult to demonstrate, arguments supporting their role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis should not be ignored; and confirmation could contribute to development of more effective preventive strategies.

First-degree relatives of persons with type 1 diabetes: insulin resistance and enterovirus infection are associated with different patterns of islet cell autoimmunity.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies indicate an association between detection of Enterovirus (EV) genome in blood and the clinical onset of T1D. Insulin resistance can also represent a risk factor for progression to clinically overt T1D. This study aimed at evaluating whether there is association between both EV infection and insulin resistance with islet autoantibodies in first-degree relatives of persons with type 1 diabetes. We collected sera from 94 first-degree relatives with (32) or without (64) islet cell antibodies (ICA) from the Cuban T1D prediction program. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. Antibodies to GAD65 and IA-2 were determined by radioimmunoassay. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). EV-RNA was detected in serum using a highly sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. The occurrence of EV-RNA was higher in ICA-positive relatives than in ICA-negative ones [15.6% (5/32) vs. 1.6% (1/62), P = 0.016]. GAD65 autoantibodies were more frequent in subjects with insulin resistance [34.5% (10/29) vs. 13.9% (9/65), P = 0.028] as defined by the HOMA-IR value. GAD65 autoantibodies also positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r.bis = 0.28, P < 0.01). IA-2 autoantibodies did correlate neither with EV-RNA nor with insulin resistance. There was no association between the presence of EV-RNA and insulin resistance. Our data suggest that enterovirus infection and insulin resistance are two independent events associated with ICA and GAD65 autoantibodies, respectively. These observations support the multifactorial nature of T1D.

Type 1 diabetes associated and tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in patients without type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease with confirmed viral infections.

Coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes are autoimmune diseases that may share the same initiating environmental factors. In this study, the occurrence of type 1 diabetes associated autoantibodies (GADA and IA-2A) and tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (TGA) was determined in patients with confirmed viral infections and no signs of type 1 diabetes or coeliac disease. Serum samples from 82 Cuban patients tested positive for PCR and IgG specific to enterovirus (HEV, serotype echovirus 16, 20 samples), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, 20 samples), cytomegalovirus (CMV, 21 samples), and hepatitis C virus (HCV, 21 samples); and sera from 164 controls negative serologically to EBV, CMV, HCV, and echovirus 16 were enrolled in the study. All subjects were screened for GADA, IA-2A, and TGA. The prevalence of TGA in patients infected with HEV, EBV, CMV, or HCV was 55% (11/20), 25% (5/20), 9.5% (2/21), and 9.5% (2/21), respectively. GADA and IA-2A were found in 15% (3/20) and 25% (5/20) of patients infected with HEV. None of the patients infected by EBV, CMV, and HCV had GADA or IA-2A. All children infected with HEV who were positive for type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies were also TGA-positive. None of the sera from uninfected subjects were positive for GADA, IA-2A or TGA. In conclusion, TGA can develop during infection with HEV, EBV, CMV, or HCV, while the emergence of islet cell related autoantibodies is restricted to HEV infections. The findings suggest that HEV may be a shared environmental factor for the development of islet and gut-related autoimmunity.

Inmunoepidemiología del asma bronquial / Immunoepidemiology of bronchial asthma

El asma bronquial es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias. En su herencia están involucrados varios genes y está influenciada por múltiples factores ambientales. El presente artículo de revisión define un grupo de factores inmunológicos que participan en la inmunopatogenia de esta entidad. Enfatiza en los resultados de investigaciones recientes, los cuales apoyan la teoría del efecto potencialmente protector de las infecciones durante las épocas tempranas de la vida sobre el desarrollo de atopia más adelante en la infancia, y en otras que sugieren que existe una relación causal entre las infecciones recurrentes de las vías respiratorias altas y el desarrollo de hiperreactividad de las vías aéreas y alergias respiratorias en niños. También aborda acerca de algunas investigaciones inmunoepidemiológicas realizadas en distintas latitudes que enuncian patrones de respuesta inmune encontrados en pacientes asmáticos y su relación con los distintos fenotipos de la enfermedad.

The bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airways. In its hereditary character are involved some genes and is influenced by many environmental factors. The objective of present review paper is to define a group of immunological factors involving in immunologic pathogenesis of this entity. The results of recent researches are emphasized which support the theory of the potentially protector effect of the infections during the early stages of life on the development of atopy later at childhood, and in other suggesting that there is a causal relation among the recurrent infections of upper airways and the development of airways hyperactivity and respiratory allergies in children. Also it approach on some immunoepidemiological researches carried out in different latitudes formulating immune response patterns found in asthmatic patients and its relation to the different disease phenotypes.

Inmunoepidemiología del asma bronquial / Immunoepidemiology of bronchial asthma

El asma bronquial es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias. En su herencia están involucrados varios genes y está influenciada por múltiples factores ambientales. El presente artículo de revisión define un grupo de factores inmunológicos que participan en la inmunopatogenia de esta entidad. Enfatiza en los resultados de investigaciones recientes, los cuales apoyan la teoría del efecto potencialmente protector de las infecciones durante las épocas tempranas de la vida sobre el desarrollo de atopia más adelante en la infancia, y en otras que sugieren que existe una relación causal entre las infecciones recurrentes de las vías respiratorias altas y el desarrollo de hiperreactividad de las vías aéreas y alergias respiratorias en niños. También aborda acerca de algunas investigaciones inmunoepidemiológicas realizadas en distintas latitudes que enuncian patrones de respuesta inmune encontrados en pacientes asmáticos y su relación con los distintos fenotipos de la enfermedad(AU)

The bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airways. In its hereditary character are involved some genes and is influenced by many environmental factors. The objective of present review paper is to define a group of immunological factors involving in immunologic pathogenesis of this entity. The results of recent researches are emphasized which support the theory of the potentially protector effect of the infections during the early stages of life on the development of atopy later at childhood, and in other suggesting that there is a causal relation among the recurrent infections of upper airways and the development of airways hyperactivity and respiratory allergies in children. Also it approach on some immunoepidemiological researches carried out in different latitudes formulating immune response patterns found in asthmatic patients and its relation to the different disease phenotypes(AU)